Improving the accuracy of a remotely-sensed flood warning system using a multi-objective pre-processing method for signal defects detection and elimination

One of the primary goals of watershed management is to proactively monitor and forecast flood water levels to provide early warning for timely evacuation plans and save lives. One of the most economical ways to accomplish this objective is to use remotely-sensed satellite signals. Previous studies have indicated that an Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) sensor can be used for river water level monitoring combined with a few in-situ hydrometric gauges for the ground-truth data collection. However, space-based signals are influnced by many error-inducing natural factors, such as dust and cloud cover. Hence, a hybrid method is proposed. which comprises of a multiobjective particle swarm optimization model, a decision tree classification algorithm, the Hotellings T-2 outlier detection, and a regression model to identify and replace inaccurate space-based signals. This complex hybrid method will be referred to. in this study, with the acronym (OCOR). In the first phase of this hybrid method, The outlier signals are detected and eliminated from the dataset, and in the second phase, the eliminated signals along with signals lost due to satellite technical problems are estimated by ground-truth data calibration using in situ hydrometric stations. The two case studies of the White and Willamette Rivers demonstrate the performance of OCOR in practical situations.