Rainwater chemistry at a Mediterranean inland station (Avignon, France): Local contribution versus long-range supply

In order to investigate the role of local contribution versus long-range transport in the rainwater chemistry at a site in the North-western Mediterranean area, we collected 90 daily wet samples, 75 dry samples (corresponding to bulk sampling during dry periods) and 102 sequential wet sub-samples from October 1997 to March 1999. Major ions were analyzed (Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, HCO3-) along with the determination of pH and electrical conductivity. To discriminate the fraction of components supplied by long- and medium-range transport from that derived from local scavenging, a classification of precipitation chemistry according to air masses back trajectories and sources has been established. Three different origins were identified: (1) a Western one associated with high amount of rainfall and an equivalent contribution of terrestrial, marine and anthropogenic components, (2) a Northern and North-eastern origin characterized by low rainfall heights and a high load in anthropogenic and terrestrial components, (3) a Southern origin which presented the highest concentration in sea-salt components and a high participation of anthropogenic components. Determination of the local contribution has been achieved through the characterization of dry deposition rates and the investigation of the evolution of rain chemistry during events. As only 21 to 32% of the total concentration is removed in the first fraction, it appeared that the below-cloud scavenging process does not dominate the removal of atmospheric components in the region. The evolution of the rain chemistry during an event is perturbed by increases of concentrations that could be due either to long-range inputs (of humid air parcels coming from the near Mediterranean Sea or occurrence of Saharan dust) or to the scavenging of local sources of pollutants and terrestrial material. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.