Metformin scavenges formaldehyde and attenuates formaldehyde-induced bovine serum albumin crosslinking and cellular DNA damage

Formaldehyde (FA) can be produced in the environment and by cell metabolism and has been classified as a carcinogen in animals and humans. Metformin is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin also has potential benefit in cancer prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to determine whether metformin can directly react with FA and attenuate its toxicity in vitro. Metformin was incubated at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C in the presence of FA, and the reaction mixture was analyzed by UV spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry. Fluorescence spectrophotometry, immunofluorescence, and western blot were used to measure FA-induced bovine serum albumin (BSA) crosslinking and DNA damage in HepG2 cells treated with or without metformin. According to the HPLC and mass spectrometry data, we speculate that the reaction of metformin with FA (1:1) initially results in the formation of a conjugated intermediate followed by the subsequent generation of a stable six-membered ring structure. Correspondingly, metformin attenuated FA-induced fluorescence in BSA as well as the aggregation of gamma H2AX in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that metformin can protect protein and DNA damage induced by FA at least partly through a direct reaction process.