Coherent Sources for Mid-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy (Invited)

Mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) is useful for molecular trace gas concentration measurements in gas mixtures. While the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is still the gold standard in gas analysis, LAS offers several advantages. It takes tens of minutes for a gas mixture to be separated in the capillary column precluding gas chromatography from real-time control of industrial processes, while LAS can measure the concentration of gas species in seconds. LAS can be used in a wide range of applications such as gas quality screening for regulation, metering and custody transfer,(1) purging gas pipes to avoid explosions,(1) monitoring combustion processes,(2) detection and quantification of gas leaks,(3) by-products monitoring to provide feedback for the real-time control of processes in petrochemical industry,(4) real-time control of inductively coupled plasma etch reactors,(5,6) and medical diagnostics by means of time-resolved volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in exhaled breath.(7) Apart from the concentration, it also permits us to determine the temperature, pressure, velocity and mass flux of the gas under observation. The selectivity and sensitivity of LAS is linked to a very high spectral resolution given by the linewidth of single-frequency lasers. Measurements are performed at reduced pressure where the collisional and Doppler broadenings are balanced. The sensitivity can be increased to ppb and sometimes to ppt ranges by increasing the interaction length in multi-pass gas cells or resonators and also by adopting modulation techniques.(8)