Trace Metal Budgets for Forested Catchments in Europe-Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn

被引:24
作者
Bringmark, Lage [1 ]
Lundin, Lars [1 ]
Augustaitis, Algirdas [2 ]
Beudert, Burkhard [3 ]
Dieffenbach-Fries, Helga [4 ]
Dirnboeck, Thomas [5 ]
Grabner, Maria-Theresia [5 ]
Hutchins, Mike [6 ]
Kram, Pavel [7 ]
Lyulko, Iraida [8 ]
Ruoho-Airola, Tuija [9 ]
Vana, Milan [10 ]
机构
[1] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Uppsala, Sweden
[2] Aleksandras Stulginskis Univ, Studentu 13, LT-53362 Kaunas Dstr, Lithuania
[3] Bavarian Forest Natl Pk Author, Grafenau, Germany
[4] Fed Environm Agcy, Langen, Germany
[5] Fed Environm Agcy, Vienna, Austria
[6] Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford, Oxon, England
[7] Czech Geol Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
[8] Latvian Environm Geol & Meteorol Agcy, Riga, Latvia
[9] Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland
[10] Czech Hydrometeorol Inst, Kosetice, Czech Republic
基金
英国自然环境研究理事会;
关键词
Lead; Cadmium; Mercury; Forested catchment; Europe; Deposition; Retention; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; LEAD BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CENTRAL ONTARIO; BOREAL FOREST; HEAVY-METALS; MERCURY; SOILS; NORWAY; SWEDEN; FLOOR;
D O I
10.1007/s11270-013-1502-8
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Input/output budgets for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the years 1997-2011 were monitored and determined for 14 small forest-covered catchments across Europe as part of the Integrated Monitoring program on the effects of long-range pollutants on ecosystems. Metal inputs were considered to derive from bulk deposition, throughfall and litterfall. Outputs were estimated from run-off values. Litterfall plus throughfall was taken as a measure of the total deposition of Pb and Hg (wet+dry) on the basis of evidence suggesting that, for these metals, internal circulation is negligible. The same is not true for Cd. Excluding a few sites with high discharge, between 74 and 94 % of the input Pb was retained within the catchments; significant Cd retention was also observed. High losses of Pb (>1.4 mgm(-2)year(-1)) and Cd (>0.15 mgm(-2)year(-1)) were observed in two mountainous Central European sites with high water discharge. All other sites had outputs below or equal to 0.36 and 0.06 mgm(-2)year(-1), respectively, for the two metals. Almost complete retention of Hg, 86-99 % of input, was reported in the Swedish sites. These high levels of metal retention were maintained even in the face of recent dramatic reductions in pollutant loads.
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页数:14
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