Gender ratios in European psychology

An international comparison of gender distribution in European psychology shows that the development of the profession is insufficiently documented in many countries, indicating that psychology is not yet very professionalized. Women outnumber men in all countries examined. In several countries, the ratio of women has remained so high over the past 20 years that psychology could be called a "female-dominated profession." In other countries, the percentage of women has continuously increased, and psychology appears to be developing from an integrated profession to a female-dominated profession. However, we cannot refer to a female-dominated profession overall, as some occupational fields are dominated by men, while women work part-time more frequently and are less likely to gain permanent or higher positions.