Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition

被引:632
作者
Fewtrell, Maly [1 ]
Bronsky, Jiri [2 ]
Campoy, Cristina [3 ]
Domellof, Magnus [4 ]
Embleton, Nicholas [5 ,6 ]
Mis, Natasa Fidler [7 ]
Hojsak, Iva [8 ]
Hulst, Jessie M. [9 ]
Indrio, Flavia [10 ]
Lapillonne, Alexandre [11 ,12 ]
Molgaard, Christian [13 ,14 ]
机构
[1] Inst Child Hlth, Childhood Nutr Res Ctr, UCL Great Ormond St,30 Guilford St, London, England
[2] Univ Hosp Motol, Dept Paediat, Prague, Czech Republic
[3] Univ Granada, Dept Paediat, Granada, Spain
[4] Umea Univ, Dept Clin Sci Pediat, Umea, Sweden
[5] Newcastle Hosp NHS Trust, Newcastle Neonatal Serv, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England
[6] Newcastle Univ, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England
[7] Univ Med Ctr Ljubljana, Univ Childrens Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol Hepatol & Nutr, Ljubljana, Slovenia
[8] Univ Childrens Hosp Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
[9] Erasmus MC, Sophia Childrens Hosp, Rotterdam, Netherlands
[10] Univ Bari, Osped Pediat Giovanni 23, Bari, Italy
[11] Paris Descartes Univ, Necker Enfants Malades Hosp, AP HP, Paris, France
[12] Baylor Coll Med, CNRC, Houston, TX 77030 USA
[13] Univ Copenhagen, Dept Nutr Exercise & Sports, Copenhagen, Denmark
[14] Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Rigshosp, Pediat Nutr Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
关键词
breast-feeding; complementary feeding; formula feeding; health outcomes; infant; BREAST-FED INFANTS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; BODY-MASS INDEX; IRON STATUS; CELIAC-DISEASE; TERM INFANTS; MILK INTAKE; 1ST YEAR; COGNITIVE OUTCOMES; DIETARY EXPERIENCE;
D O I
10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454
中图分类号
R57 [消化系及腹部疾病];
学科分类号
摘要
This position paper considers different aspects of complementary feeding (CF), focussing on healthy term infants in Europe. After reviewing current knowledge and practices, we have formulated these recommendations: Timing: Exclusive or full breast-feeding should be promoted for at least 4 months (17 weeks, beginning of the 5th month of life) and exclusive or predominant breast-feeding for approximately 6 months (26 weeks, beginning of the 7th month) is a desirable goal. Complementary foods (solids and liquids other than breast milk or infant formula) should not be introduced before 4 months but should not be delayed beyond 6 months. Content: Infants should be offered foods with a variety of flavours and textures including bitter tasting green vegetables. Continued breast-feeding is recommended alongside CF. Whole cows' milk should not be used as the main drink before 12 months of age. Allergenic foods may be introduced when CF is commenced any time after 4 months. Infants at high risk of peanut allergy (those with severe eczema, egg allergy, or both) should have peanut introduced between 4 and 11 months, following evaluation by an appropriately trained specialist. Gluten may be introduced between 4 and 12 months, but consumption of large quantities should be avoided during the first weeks after gluten introduction and later during infancy. All infants should receive iron-rich CF including meat products and/or iron-fortified foods. No sugar or salt should be added to CF and fruit juices or sugar sweetened beverages should be avoided. Vegan diets should only be used under appropriate medical or dietetic supervision and parents should understand the serious consequences of failing to follow advice regarding supplementation of the diet. Method: Parents should be encouraged to respond to their infant's hunger and satiety queues and to avoid feeding to comfort or as a reward.
引用
收藏
页码:119 / 132
页数:14
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