Cytokine gene expression and prostaglandin production in head kidney leukocytes isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) added different levels of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid

Primary head kidney leukocytes from Atlantic cod were isolated to evaluate the use of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by cyclooxygenases and the production of prostaglandins E-2 and E-3. The expression of cyclooxygenase genes and selected interleukin genes like Interleukin 1 beta, Interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and interleukin 10 were monitored. Increasing concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in equal amounts increased cyclooxygenase2 transcription as well as cell secretion of prostaglandin E-2. Even though the ratio of the two fatty acids was 1:1, the ratio between prostaglandin E-2 and E-3 was 50:1. The addition of arachidonic acid alone increased prostaglandin E-2 secretion but did not induce cyclooxygenase2 transcription. However, when the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid was increased, maintaining arachidonic acid constant, both prostaglandin E-3 and prostaglandin E-2 production was induced and the prostaglandin E-2 production was higher than in cell cultures only added arachidonic acid. An up-regulation of cyclooxygenase2 transcription was also observed. The addition of the two fatty acids also affected the immune response by alteration of leukocytic cytokines gene expression. According to our results the Cyclooxygenase in cod seem to prefer arachidonic acid as substrate. Therefore, we suggest that the shift from marine oils (rich in n-3 fatty acids) to plant oils (higher in n-6 fatty acids) in the diet of commercially reared Atlantic cod could have negative effects on the whole organism through the increase in the production of prostaglandins belonging to those derived from n-6 fatty acids. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.