Larval rearing temperature influences the effect of malathion on Aedes aegypti life history traits and immune responses

The effects of anthropogenic chemical contaminants on aquatic organisms are largely influenced by underlying environmental conditions. This study evaluated how larval rearing temperature influences the impact of malathion on the fitness of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Larvae were exposed to water control, and low (0.03 mg/L) or high (0.05 mg/L) malathion dose at 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C and emergence rate, time to emergence, female fecundity and expression of genes encoding two antimicrobial peptides (defensin, cecropin) and an iron-binding protein (transferrin) quantified. High malathion dose at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C resulted in significantly lower emergence rates compared to control and low malathion dose but this effect was not observed at 20 degrees C. Female time to emergence was inversely proportional to temperature and was significantly shorter in high malathion dose than in control and low malathion dose at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C but not at 20 degrees C. Regardless of temperature treatment, females from high malathion dose were significantly larger and laid more eggs than their counterparts in control and low malathion dose. Relative to the controls, two immune genes were significantly over-expressed in adult females from malathion-exposed treatments at 20 degrees C (defensin and cecropin) and 25 degrees C (defensin and transferrin) and one gene (defensin) was significantly under-expressed at 30 degrees C. These findings suggest that larval rearing temperature can modify the effect of malathion on fitness traits in mosquitoes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.