Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS)

被引：0

作者：

Mounzer, D. ^{[1
]}

Lovis, C. ^{[1
]}

Seidel, J., V ^{[1
,2
]}

Attia, O. ^{[1
]}

Allart, R. ^{[3
,4
]}

Bourrier, V ^{[1
]}

Ehrenreich, D. ^{[1
]}

Wyttenbach, A. ^{[1
]}

Astudillo-Defru, N. ^{[5
]}

Beatty, T. G. ^{[6
,7
]}

Cegla, H. ^{[8
,9
]}

Heng, K. ^{[8
,10
,11
]}

Lavie, B. ^{[1
]}

Lendl, M. ^{[1
]}

Melo, C. ^{[2
]}

Pepe, F. ^{[1
]}

Pepper, J. ^{[12
]}

Rodriguez, J. E. ^{[13
]}

Segransan, D. ^{[1
]}

Udry, S. ^{[13
]}

Linder, E. ^{[14
]}

Sousa, S. ^{[15
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Geneva, Geneva Observ, Chemin Pegasi 51b, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland

[2] European Southern Observ, Alonso Cordova 3107, Santiago, Chile

[3] Univ Montreal, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ, Canada

[4] Univ Montreal, Inst Res Exoplanets, Montreal, PQ, Canada

[5] Univ Catolica Santisima Concepcion, Dept Matemat & Fis Aplicadas, Concepcion, Chile

[6] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[7] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[8] Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Astron & Astrophys Grp, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England

[9] Univ Warwick, Ctr Exoplanets & Habitabil, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England

[10] Univ Bern, Ctr Space & Habitabil, Gesell Str 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

[11] Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Univ Observ Munich, Scheinerstr 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany

[12] Lehigh Univ, Dept Phys, 16 Mem Dr East, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA

[13] Michigan State Univ, Ctr Data Intens & Time Domain Astron, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA

[14] Lucerne Sch Engn & Architecture, Tech Str 21, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland

[15] Univ Porto, Inst Astrofis & Ciencias Espaco, CAUP, Rua Estrelas, P-4150762 Porto, Portugal

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2022年 / 668卷

基金：

欧洲研究理事会; 瑞士国家科学基金会;

关键词：

planets and satellites: atmospheres; instrumentation: spectrographs; techniques: spectroscopic; methods: observational; planets and satellites: individual: KELT-11 b; EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS; TO-LIMB VARIATION; RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM; HD; 189733B; TELLURIC CORRECTION; HARPS SEARCH; WATER-VAPOR; JUPITER; NEPTUNE; MASS;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/202243998

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Context. High-resolution transmission spectroscopy has allowed for in-depth information on the composition and structure of exoplanetary atmospheres to be garnered in the last few years, especially in the visible and in the near-infrared. Many atomic and molecular species have been detected thanks to data gathered from state-of-the-art spectrographs installed on large ground-based telescopes. Nevertheless, the Earth daily cycle has been limiting observations to exoplanets with the shortest transits. Aims. The inflated sub-Saturn KELT-11 b has a hot atmosphere and orbits a bright evolved subgiant star, making it a prime choice for atmospheric characterization. The challenge lies in its transit duration - of more than 7 h - which can only be covered partially or without enough out-of-transit baselines when observed from the ground. Methods. To overcome this constraint, we observed KELT-11 b with the HARPS spectrograph in series of three consecutive nights, each focusing on a different phase of the planetary orbit: before, during, and after the transit. This allowed us to gather plenty of out-of-transit baseline spectra, which was critical to build a spectrum of the unocculted star with sufficient precision. Telluric absorption lines were corrected using the atmospheric transmission code MOLECFIT. Individual high-resolution transmission spectra were merged to obtain a high signal-to-noise transmission spectrum to search for sodium in KELT-11 b's atmosphere through the similar to 5900 angstrom doublet. Results. Our results highlight the potential for independent observations of a long-transiting planet over consecutive nights. Our study reveals a sodium excess absorption of 0.28 +/- 0.05% and 0.50 +/- 0.06% in the Na D1 and D2 lines, respectively. This corresponds to 1.44 and 1.69 times the white-light planet radius in the line cores. Wind pattern modeling tends to prefer day-to-night side winds with no vertical winds, which is surprising considering the planet bloatedness. The modeling of the Rossiter-Mclaughlin effect yields a significantly misaligned orbit, with a projected spin-orbit angle of lambda = -77.86(-2.26)(+2.36)degrees. Conclusions. Belonging to the under-studied group of inflated sub-Saturns, the characteristics of KELT-11 b - notably its extreme scale height and long transit - make it an ideal and unique target for next-generation telescopes. Our results as well as recent findings from HST, TESS, and CHEOPS observations could make KELT-11 b a benchmark exoplanet in atmospheric characterization.

引用

页数：18

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