The ectodomain of matriptase-2 plays an important nonproteolytic role in suppressing hepcidin expression in mice

Matriptase-2 (MT2), encoded by TMPRSS6, is a membrane-anchored serine protease that plays a key role in suppressing hepatic hepcidin expression. MT2 is synthesized as a zymogen and undergoes autocleavage for activation. Previous studies suggest that MT2 suppresses hepcidin by cleaving hemojuvelin and other components of the bone morphogenetic protein-signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism is still debatable. Here we dissected the contributions of the nonproteolytic and proteolytic activities of Mt2 by taking advantage of Mt2 mutants and Tmprss6(-/-) mice. Studies of the protease-dead full-length Mt2 (Mt2(S762A)) and the truncated Mt2 that lacks the catalytic domain (Mt2(mask)) indicate that the catalytic domain, but not its proteolytic activity, was required for Mt2 to suppress hepcidin expression. This process was likely accomplished by the binding of Mt2 ectodomain to Hjv and Hfe. We found that Mt2 specifically cleaved the key components of the hepcidin-induction pathway, including Hjv, Alk3, ActRIIA, and Hfe, when overexpressed in hepatoma cells. Nevertheless, studies of a murine iron-refractory iron-deficiency anemia-causing mutant (Mt2(I286F)) in the complement protein subcomponents C1r/C1s, urchin embryonic growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein 1 domain indicate that Mt2(I286F) can be activated, but it exhibited a largely compromised ability to suppress hepcidin expression. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Mt2(I286F), but not Mt2(S762A), had reduced interactions with Hjv, ActRIIA, and Hfe. In addition, increased expression of a serine protease inhibitor, the hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2, in the liver failed to alter hepcidin. Together, these observations support the idea that the substrate interaction with Mt2 plays a determinant role and suggest that the proteolytic activity is not an appropriate target to modulate the function of MT2 for clinical applications.