Potential Mitigation and Restoration Actions in Ecosystems Impacted by Seabed Mining

被引:37
作者
Cuvelier, Daphne [1 ,2 ]
Gollner, Sabine [3 ,4 ]
Jones, Daniel O. B. [5 ]
Kaiser, Stefanie [6 ,7 ]
Arbizu, Pedro Martinez [6 ]
Menzel, Lena [6 ]
Mestre, Nelia C. [8 ]
Morato, Telmo [1 ,2 ]
Pham, Christopher [1 ,2 ]
Pradillon, Florence [9 ]
Purser, Autun [10 ]
Raschka, Uwe [6 ]
Sarrazin, Jozee [9 ]
Simon-Lledo, Erik [5 ]
Stewart, Ian M. [11 ]
Stuckas, Heiko [6 ]
Sweetman, Andrew K. [12 ]
Colaco, Ana [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Inst MAR, Horta, Portugal
[2] Marine & Environm Sci Ctr, Horta, Portugal
[3] Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Ocean Syst, Den Burg, Netherlands
[4] Univ Utrecht, Den Burg, Netherlands
[5] Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England
[6] Dept German Ctr Marine Biodivers Res, Senckenberg Meer, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
[7] Univ Hamburg, Ctr Nat Hist CeNak, Zool Museum, Hamburg, Germany
[8] Univ Algarve, Ctr Marine & Environm Res, Faro, Portugal
[9] IFREMER, Lab Environm Profond, REM EEP, Plouzane, France
[10] Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany
[11] Heriot Watt Univ, Fugro, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
[12] Heriot Watt Univ, Lyell Ctr Earth & Marine Sci & Technol, Marine Benth Ecol Biogeochem & In Situ Technol Re, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
基金
欧盟地平线“2020”;
关键词
deep sea; mining; restoration; mitigation; impacts; assisted recovery; (re-)colonisation; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS 9-DEGREES-50'N; CLARION-CLIPPERTON ZONE; FLOOR MASSIVE SULFIDES; NEWLY-OPENED HABITAT; EAST PACIFIC RISE; LONG-TERM CHANGE; POLYMETALLIC NODULES; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS;
D O I
10.3389/fmars.2018.00467
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Mining impacts will affect local populations to different degrees. Impacts range from removal of habitats and possible energy sources to pollution and smaller-scale alterations in local habitats that, depending on the degree of disturbance, can lead to extinction of local communities. While there is a shortage or even lack of studies investigating impacts that resemble those caused by actual mining activity, the information available on the potential long-lasting impacts of seabed mining emphasise the need for effective environmental management plans. These plans should include efforts to mitigate deep-sea mining impact such as avoidance, minimisation and potentially restoration actions, to maintain or encourage reinstatement of a resilient ecosystem. A wide range of mitigation and restoration actions for deep-sea ecosystems at risk were addressed. From an ecological point of view, the designation of set-aside areas (refuges) is of utmost importance as it appears to be the most comprehensive and precautionary approach, both for well-known and lesser studied areas. Other actions range from the deployment of artificial substrates to enhance faunal colonisation and survival to habitat recreation, artificial eutrophication, but also spatial and temporal management of mining operations, as well as optimising mining machine construction to minimise plume size on the sea floor, toxicity of the return plume and sediment compression. No single action will suffice to allow an ecosystem to recover, instead combined mitigation/restoration actions need to be considered, which will depend on the specific characteristics of the different mining habitats and the resources hosted (polymetallic sulphides, polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts). However, there is a lack of practical experience regarding mitigation and restoration actions following mining impacts, which severely hamper their predictability and estimation of their possible effect and success. We propose an extensive list of actions that could be considered as recommendations for best environmental practice. The list is not restricted and, depending on the characteristics of the site, additional actions can be considered. For all actions presented here, further research is necessary to fully encompass their potential and contribution to possible mitigation or restoration of the ecosystem.
引用
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页数:22
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