Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability

被引:66
|
作者
Burke, Louise M. [1 ,2 ]
Whitfield, Jamie [1 ]
Heikura, Ida A. [1 ,2 ]
Ross, Megan L. R. [1 ,2 ]
Tee, Nicolin [2 ]
Forbes, Sara F. [2 ]
Hall, Rebecca [1 ,2 ]
McKay, Alannah K. A. [2 ,3 ,4 ]
Wallett, Alice M. [2 ,5 ]
Sharma, Avish P. [2 ,6 ]
机构
[1] Australian Catholic Univ, Mary MacKillop Inst Hlth Res, Exercise & Nutr Res Program, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
[2] Australian Inst Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
[3] Univ Western Australia, Sch Human Sci Exercise & Sport Sci, Crawley, Australia
[4] Western Australian Inst Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
[5] Univ Canberra, Res Inst Sport & Exercise, Canberra, ACT, Australia
[6] Griffith Univ, Sch Allied Hlth Sci, Griffith Sports Physiol & Performance, Southport, Qld, Australia
来源
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON | 2021年 / 599卷 / 03期
基金
加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会;
关键词
athletic performance; ketogenic diet; sports nutrition; SHORT-TERM; BODY-COMPOSITION; RESTORATION; INTENSITY; PHYSIOLOGY; SPORTS; RATES;
D O I
10.1113/JP280221
中图分类号
Q189 [神经科学];
学科分类号
071006 ;
摘要
Key points Brief (5-6 days) adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet in elite athletes increased exercise fat oxidation to rates previously observed with medium (3-4 weeks) or chronic (>12 months) adherence to this diet, with metabolic changes being washed out in a similar time frame. Increased fat utilisation during exercise was associated with a 5-8% increase in oxygen cost at speeds related to Olympic Programme races. Acute restoration of endogenous carbohydrate (CHO) availability (24 h high CHO diet, pre-race CHO) only partially restored substrate utilisation during a race warm-up. Fat oxidation continued to be elevated above baseline values although it was lower than achieved by 5-6 days' keto adaptation; CHO oxidation only reached 61% and 78% of values previously seen at exercise intensities related to race events. Acute restoration of CHO availability failed to overturn the impairment of high-intensity endurance performance previously associated with low carbohydrate high fat adaptation, potentially due to the blunted capacity for CHO oxidation. We investigated substrate utilisation during exercise after brief (5-6 days) adaptation to a ketogenic low-carbohydrate (CHO), high-fat (LCHF) diet and similar washout period. Thirteen world-class male race walkers completed economy testing, 25 km training and a 10,000 m race (Baseline), with high CHO availability (HCHO), repeating this (Adaptation) after 5-6 days' LCHF (n = 7; CHO: <50 g day(-1), protein: 2.2 g kg(-1)day(-1); 80% fat) or HCHO (n = 6; CHO: 9.7 g kg(-1)day(-1); protein: 2.2 g kg(-1)day(-1)) diet. An Adaptation race was undertaken after 24 h HCHO and pre-race CHO (2 g kg(-1)) diet, identical to the Baseline race. Substantial (>200%) increases in exercise fat oxidation occurred in the LCHF Adaptation economy and 25 km tests, reaching mean rates of similar to 1.43 g min(-1). However, relativeV?O2(ml min(-1) kg(-1)) was higher (P < 0.0001), by similar to 8% and 5% at speeds related to 50 km and 20 km events. During Adaptation race warm-up in the LCHF group, rates of fat and CHO oxidation at these speeds were decreased and increased, respectively (P < 0.001), compared with the previous day, but were not restored to Baseline values. Performance changes differed between groups (P = 0.009), with all HCHO athletes improving in the Adaptation race (5.7 (5.6)%), while 6/7 LCHF athletes were slower (2.2 (3.4)%). Substrate utilisation returned to Baseline values after 5-6 days of HCHO diet. In summary, robust changes in exercise substrate use occurred in 5-6 days of extreme changes in CHO intake. However, adaptation to a LCHF diet plus acute restoration of endogenous CHO availability failed to restore high-intensity endurance performance, with CHO oxidation rates remaining blunted.
引用
收藏
页码:771 / 790
页数:20
相关论文
共 50 条
  • [1] FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM DURING LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE - EFFECTS OF AVAILABILITY OF MUSCLE GLYCOGEN
    MAUGHAN, RJ
    WILLIAMS, C
    CAMPBELL, DM
    HEPBURN, D
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 1978, 39 (01) : 7 - 16
  • [2] EFFECTS OF HIGH-FAT LOW CARBOHYDRATE-DIET ON LIVER-GLYCOGEN AND EXERCISE ENDURANCE IN MALE-RATS
    DREW, DL
    CONLEE, RK
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 1983, 4 (02) : 142 - 143
  • [3] Adaptations to short-term high-fat diet persist during exercise despite high carbohydrate availability
    Burke, LM
    Hawley, JA
    Angus, DJ
    Cox, GR
    Clark, SA
    Cummings, NK
    Desbrow, B
    Hargreaves, M
    MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE, 2002, 34 (01): : 83 - 91
  • [4] Low-Carbohydrate-High-Fat Diet: Can it Help Exercise Performance?
    Chang, Chen-Kang
    Borer, Katarina
    Lin, Po-Ju
    JOURNAL OF HUMAN KINETICS, 2017, 56 (01) : 81 - 92
  • [5] GLYCOGEN REPLETION AND EXERCISE ENDURANCE IN RATS ADAPTED TO A HIGH-FAT DIET
    CONLEE, RK
    HAMMER, RL
    WINDER, WW
    BRACKEN, ML
    NELSON, AG
    BARNETT, DW
    METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, 1990, 39 (03): : 289 - 294
  • [6] ENHANCED LEG EXERCISE ENDURANCE WITH A HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET AND DIHYDROXYACETONE AND PYRUVATE
    STANKO, RT
    ROBERTSON, RJ
    GALBREATH, RW
    REILLY, JJ
    GREENAWALT, KD
    GOSS, FL
    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 1990, 69 (05) : 1651 - 1656
  • [7] Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers
    Burke, Louise M.
    Ross, Megan L.
    Garvican-Lewis, Laura A.
    Welvaert, Marijke
    Heikura, Ida A.
    Forbes, Sara G.
    Mirtschin, Joanne G.
    Cato, Louise E.
    Strobel, Nicki
    Sharma, Avish P.
    Hawley, John A.
    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON, 2017, 595 (09): : 2785 - 2807
  • [8] Body fat and exercise endurance in trained rats adapted to a high-fat and/or high-carbohydrate diet
    Lapachet, RAB
    Miller, WC
    Arnall, DA
    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, 1996, 80 (04) : 1173 - 1179
  • [9] Physical exercise as a modulator of adaptation to low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat intakes
    Miller, SL
    Wolfe, RR
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, 1999, 53 (Suppl 1) : S112 - S119
  • [10] Physical exercise as a modulator of adaptation to low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat intakes
    SL Miller
    RR Wolfe
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999, 53 : s112 - s119