The area of a rough black hole

We investigate the consequences for the black hole area of introducing fractal structure for the horizon geometry. We create a three-dimensional spherical analogue of a `Koch Snowflake' using a infinite diminishing hierarchy of touching spheres around the Schwarzschild event horizon. We can create a fractal structure for the horizon with finite volume and infinite (or finite) area. This is a toy model for the possible effects of quantum gravitational spacetime foam, with significant implications for assessments of the entropy of black holes and the universe, which is generally larger than in standard picture of black hole structure and thermodynamics, potentially by very considerable factors. The entropy of the observable universe today becomes S approximate to 10(120(1+Delta/2)), where 0 <= Delta <= 1, with Delta = 0 for a smooth spacetime structure and Delta = 1 for the most intricate. The Hawking lifetime of black holes is also reduced. (C) 2020 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.