Chance Constrained Optimal Power Flow with Primary Frequency Response

Primary frequency response is provided by synchronized generators through their speed-droop governor characteristic in response to instant frequency deviations that exceed a certain threshold, also known as the governor dead zone. This paper presents an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) formulation that explicitly models i) the primary frequency response constraints using a nonlinear speed-droop governor characteristic with a dead zone and ii) chance constraints on power outputs of conventional generators and line flows imposed by the uncertainty of renewable generation resources. The proposed formulation is evaluated and compared to the standard CCOPF formulation on a modified 118-bus IEEE Reliability Test System.