Improving the adsorption efficiency of phenolic compounds into olive wood biosorbents by pre-washing with organic solvents: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic aspects

The adsorption properties of olive wood (OW) toward phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol, were improved by washing OW with some organic solvents (ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, ether, dichloromethane or hexane). Adsorption isotherms were classified according to Giles and Smith classification, in which L2-shape was obtained after OW washing. The adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations and it was found that adsorption capacity and affinity have increased after OW washing. Thermodynamic (Delta G degrees, Delta H degrees and Delta S degrees), kinetic and intra-particle diffusion parameters were estimated before and after OW washing. It was found that the adsorption of phenols on OW was of physical nature, spontaneous, exothermic and followed second order rate equation. After OW washing, adsorption spontaneity has increased. Both pore diffusion and kinetic resistances have most likely affected the adsorption process. The results presented in this work suggested that washing OW with any one of the tested solvents would enhance uptake of the tested phenols into OW sorbent. Discussing some economical and environmental aspects suggested that the use of ethanol might be preferred. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.