Tracing the Rise of Ants - Out of the Ground

被引:56
作者
Lucky, Andrea [1 ,2 ]
Trautwein, Michelle D. [3 ,4 ]
Guenard, Benoit S. [1 ,5 ]
Weiser, Michael D. [1 ,6 ]
Dunn, Robert R. [1 ]
机构
[1] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[2] Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
[3] N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[4] North Carolina Museum Nat Sci, Nat Res Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
[5] Okinawa Inst Sci & Technol, Biodivers & Biocomplex Unit, Onna Son, Okinawa, Japan
[6] Univ Oklahoma, Dept Biol, Norman, OK 73019 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
AMBER HYMENOPTERA; EARLY EVOLUTION; FORMICIDAE; DIVERSIFICATION; PHYLOGENY; DIVERSITY; PONERINAE; TAXA;
D O I
10.1371/journal.pone.0084012
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
The evolution of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is increasingly well-understood due to recent phylogenetic analyses, along with estimates of divergence times and diversification rates. Yet, leading hypotheses regarding the ancestral habitat of ants conflict with new findings that early ant lineages are cryptic and subterranean. Where the ants evolved, in respect to habitat, and how habitat shifts took place over time have not been formally tested. Here, we reconstruct the habitat transitions of crown-group ants through time, focusing on where they nest and forage (in the canopy, litter, or soil). Based on ancestral character reconstructions, we show that in contrast to the current consensus based on verbal arguments that ants evolved in tropical leaf litter, the soil is supported as the ancestral stratum of all ants. We also find subsequent movements up into the litter and, in some cases, into the canopy. Given the global importance of ants, because of their diversity, ecological influence and status as the most successful eusocial lineage on Earth, understanding the early evolution of this lineage provides insight into the factors that made this group so successful today.
引用
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页数:8
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