Synergistic co-activation in multi-directional postural control in humans

To examine the muscle synergies of multi-directional postural control, we calculated the target-directed variance fraction (eta) and net action direction of each muscle using the electromyogram-weighted averaging (EWA) method. Subjects stood barefoot on a force platform and maintained their posture by producing a center of pressure (COP) in twelve target directions. Surface electromyograms were recorded from 6 right-sided muscles: tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), medial gastrocnemius (MG), fibularis longus (FL), and gluteus medius (GM). eta was calculated from COP with duration of 20-s, during which the COP was relatively constant. The EWA method was applied to the EMG and the two COP components to estimate the net action direction of each muscle. The results showed that eta values in all directions did not cross the 0.8 threshold. This suggests that human postural control is achieved by synergistic co-activation. The EWA revealed that the net action directions of TA, SOL, LG, MG, and GM were 277.6 degrees, 71.1 degrees, 87.7 degrees, 94.0 degrees, and 2.2 degrees, respectively. This suggests that postural maintenance by muscle synergy can be attributed to the relevant muscles having various action directions. These results demonstrate that muscle synergies can be investigated using COP fluctuations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.