Epidemiology of breast cancer

被引:762
作者
Key, Timothy J. [1 ]
Verkasalo, Pia K. [1 ]
Banks, Emily [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Oxford, Imperial Canc Res Fund Canc Epidemiol Unit, Oxford, England
基金
芬兰科学院; 英国医学研究理事会;
关键词
D O I
10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00254-0
中图分类号
R73 [肿瘤学];
学科分类号
100214 ;
摘要
Breast cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Rates vary about five-fold around the world, but they are increasing in regions that until recently had low rates of the disease. Many of the established risk factors are linked to oestrogens. Risk is increased by early menarche, late menopause, and obesity in postmenopausal women, and prospective studies have shown that high concentrations of endogenous oestradiol are associated with an increase in risk. Childbearing reduces risk, with greater protection for early first birth and a larger number of births; breastfeeding probably has a protective effect. Both oral contraceptives and hormonal therapy for menopause cause a small increase in breast-cancer risk, which appears to diminish once use stops. Alcohol increases risk, whereas physical activity is probably protective. Mutations in certain genes greatly increase breast-cancer risk, but these account for a minority of cases.
引用
收藏
页码:133 / 140
页数:8
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