Sporadic colorectal cancer in adolescents and young adults: a scoping review of a growing healthcare concern

Purpose Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) amongst adolescents and young adults (AYA) is increasing in incidence. The reasons for this trend are not well understood. Current guidelines do not specifically address this patient cohort. A scoping review was performed to summarise the range of available evidence and identify key areas that need to be addressed in current guidelines. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted adhering to the PRISMA statement. All potentially eligible studies were screened, and data extraction was performed by two reviewers independently. The studies were then divided into 5 broad subgroups: (1) risk factors, (2) screening, (3) clinicopathological and molecular features, (4) presentation and (5) management. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results A total of 17 studies were included from 2010 to 2019. Overall, young adults with CRC tend to present with non-specific symptoms. The majority of these patients have a delayed diagnosis and more advanced disease at presentation, with a rise in prevalence of distal colon and rectal cancers. AYAs tend to have poorly differentiated tumours and are managed more aggressively. Overall 5-year survival varies between studies. Conclusion This is, to our knowledge, the first scoping review presenting the range of available evidence on CRC in AYAs. Although the rise in incidence is recognised by specialist bodies, recommendations are limited by the sparsity of available data. We seek to highlight the need for further research, define the role of earlier screening and raise awareness to promote thorough assessment of young patients.