Characterization of Leishmania donovani antigens encapsulated in liposomes that induce protective immunity in BALB/c mice

Leishmania donovani promastigote membrane antigens (LAg) encapsulated in positively charged liposomes have been found to induce very significant levels of protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. The protectively immunized animals exhibited profound delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody responses. The extent of protection induced by the same antigens, however, varied depending on the charge of the vesicles, with maximum induction by positively charged liposomes, followed by neutral liposomes and last negatively charged liposomes. Characterization of LAg and LAg entrapped in liposomes of different charges by Western blot analysis revealed the immunodominance of gp63 in all three vaccine preparations. The strong reactivity of antigens in a restricted antigen profile that included, in addition to gp63, 72-, 52-, 48-, 45-, 39-, and 20-kDa components in neutral and positively charged lioosomes contrasted with the reactivity of a greater number of LAg components in negatively charged liposomes. Resistance to visceral leishmaniasis appears to depend on the immunity induced by gp63 and a few select antigens in association with the right liposomes. A striking similarity between the immunogenic profile of partially purified soluble antigens and that of LAg in neutral and positively charged liposomes suggests the potentiality of these antigens in future vaccine studies of L. donovani.