Several psychosocial treatment modalities, sometimes in concert with substitution pharmacotherapy, have been demonstrated to be effective, cost-saving methods for treating drug dependence. Unfortunately, limited access to treatment, poor treatment retention, and high relapse rates remain significant obstacles. This review discusses recent developments in the treatment of drug dependence, focusing on opiate and psychostimulant addiction. Curr Opin Psychiatry 13:333-338. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.