New Fronts in the Culture Wars? Religion, Partisanship, and Polarization on Religious Liberty and Transgender Rights in the United States

Beginning in the 1960s, the United States experienced religious and partisan conflict over cultural issues such as abortion that was described as a "Culture War." Recent, highly salient battles over religious liberty and transgender rights have led the media to characterize these issues as "new fronts in the culture war," thereby giving reason to revisit the culture wars debate. In this article, I test whether the public is polarized on religious liberty and transgender rights, as well as whether these issues share the same underlying structure of public opinion as traditional culture wars issues. Using a dataset from the Pew Research Center, I find that a substantial subset of Americans hold polarized views on these issues, and that religion and party are important factors in explaining that polarization. The results suggest that the religious and partisan divides that fueled the original "culture wars" remain an important factor in American politics.