Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals regulatory genes involved in cold tolerance and hypoxic adaptation of high-altitude Tibetan bumblebees

China has many habitats supporting a wide diversity of bumblebees, some species of which are limited in distribution to the Tibet Plateau. The high-altitude Tibet Plateau, which has low air density as well as extremely low temperatures, strains the energy requirements for flight in most insects. However, high-altitude bumblebees have adapted to the harsh conditions of this type of habitat. Bumblebees are a particular group of insect pollinators that exclusively utilize carbohydrates from flowers for energy to sustain flight. Here, gene expression was compared between low-altitude species andBombus longipennis, and the genes upregulated inB. longipenniswere involved in aerobic metabolism, such as the oxidative phosphorylation and citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) pathways. Furthermore, a conjoint analysis of the transcriptomes of six bumblebee species from the high-altitude Tibet Plateau and two bumblebee species from the low-altitude North China Plain showed that 19 genes were commonly upregulated in high-altitude species. Among these 19 commonly upregulated genes,Pfk1was enriched in multiple glycometabolic pathways, which are the main energy pathways in bees; this upregulation enhanced the aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis processes to produce more ATP molecules to supply energy for high-altitude bumblebee flight under severe cold conditions. In addition, glycolysis was enhanced by two other genes,Rac1andAAC2. Relative quantitative real-time PCR was used to verify that the three genesPfk1,Rac1, andAAC2were upregulated in the six main bumblebee species inhabiting the Tibet Plateau.