Farm suicides in New Zealand, 2007-2015: A review of coroners' records

Objective: Economic recessions and severe weather events are often associated with increased suicide rates. The Global Dairy Crisis 2015/2016 led to an economic downturn in the New Zealand dairy farming industry and, coupled with droughts in some regions and floods in others, raised fears about increased suicide rates among farmers. However, little was known about suicides in the farming sector. This study reviews characteristics of recent farm-related suicides in New Zealand and assesses the extent to which financial stresses contributed to the deaths. Methods: Data were abstracted from coroners' records for a consecutive series of 185 people in farm- and agriculture-related occupations who died by suicide between 2007 and 2015 and for whom coronial inquiries had been completed. Results: Farm suicides were heterogeneous: six distinct risk profiles were identified. Financial stresses made negligible contributions to farm suicides. Overall, risk factors for farm suicides differed little from risk factors for suicide in the general population. However, suicide risk in farmers was exacerbated by ready access to firearms: almost 40% of farm suicides involved firearms, compared to 8% in the general population over the same time. Among farm suicides, young male farm labourers predominated, rather than farm owners or managers. For many young men, relationship losses, acute alcohol intoxication and ready access to a firearm formed a common constellation of risk factors. Conclusions: While coroners' records are variable and do not record specific information about financial stresses and weather events, it was clear that these issues made a negligible contribution to farm suicides. A range of rural suicide prevention initiatives are needed to address various farm suicide risk profiles. In particular, young male labourers often had no contact with health services prior to death, suggesting that rural suicide prevention efforts need to be positioned within community, farming and sports organisations, as well as health and social service providers.