The association of pain locus of control with pain outcomes among older adults

Our primary objective was to 1) determine the prevalence of pain locus of control (LOC) subscales in a population of older adults with pain conditions, and 2) estimate their associated protective effects on pain outcomes. A mailed survey was sent to a stratified sample of older adults age >= 65 with diagnosed back pain, osteoarthritis and/or rheumatoid arthritis. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to determine the relative protective associations of positive resources, including LOC, resilience and social networks, on pain outcomes. Among respondents (N= 3,824), 31% were identified as internal; 34% as powerful others; and 35% as chance. In adjusted models, internal was associated with outcomes of lower pain severity, reduced chronic opioid use and increased physical functionality. Powerful others was partially protective; chance was associated with the poorest outcomes. Multidimensional pain programs should incorporate the enhancement of positive resources, including LOC, to maximize the effectiveness of pain management strategies. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.