Voice Assistants: (Physical) Device Use Perceptions, Acceptance, and Privacy Concerns

Using UTAUT2 model and privacy concerns, the study identifies the factors that predict users' and non-users' behavioral intention to continue or start using physical voice assistant devices in the future as their prominence is increasing significantly in both work and home locations. Users and non-users of voice assistants were recruited via an online survey in both Ireland and Finland. The final sample (N = 119) included 54 users and 65 non-users of voice assistants. Group differences and predictive effects were investigated using independent samples ttests, analysis of covariance, and multiple regression. Users differed significantly from non-users on a number of UTAUT2 model variables such as effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, private value, and privacy concern. Users' behavioral intention to continue using voice assistants was stronger than non-users' behavioral intention to start using such voice assistants. Multiple regression results show that, for non-users, both effort expectancy and privacy concerns appear to impact their intention to adopt voice assistants - in contrast to participants who are already users. However, social influence, facilitating conditions, price value, effort, and performance expectancy were not significant predictors of behavioral intention. The findings suggest that the continued or future use of voice assistants can be predicted by assessing both users' and non-users' expectations regarding the degree to which they are or expect to become habituated to the use of voice assistants, and enjoyment and value derived from these devices. The findings add to the emerging evidence-base about users' and nonusers' perceptions, acceptance, and concerns regarding using voice assistants and highlights the importance of context in the adoption, acceptance, and perceptions of both user groups.