A prenylated flavonoid, 10-oxomomigrol F, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by activating the Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway in macrophage cells

Prenylated flavonoids are a unique class of naturally occurring flavonoids that have various pharmacological activities. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect in murine macrophages of a prenylated flavonoid, 10-oxomornigrol F (OMF), which was isolated from the twigs of Morus alba (Moraceae). OMF inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells, as well as in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). OMF also rescued LPS-induced septic mortality in ICR mice. LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-alpha and IL-6 was also significantly suppressed by OMF treatment in RAW264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with OMF induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA and protein expression and increased the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as the expression of Nrf2 target genes, such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with OMF increased the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); co-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) blocked this OMF-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Moreover, NAC, or SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor), blocked the OMF-induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, suggesting that OMF induces HO-1 expression by activating Nrf2 through the p38 MAPK pathway. Consistent with the notion that the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway has anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting HO-1 significantly abrogated the anti-inflammatory effects of OMF in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that OMF exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and may be a potential Nrf2 activator to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases.