Life cycle inventory analysis of the production of metals used in photovoltaics

被引：95
作者：
Fthenakis, Vasilis [1 ,2 ]
Wang, Wenming [1 ]
Kim, Hyung Chul [1 ]
机构：
[1] Brookhaven Natl Lab, PV Environm Res Ctr, Upton, NY 11973 USA
[2] Columbia Univ, Ctr Life Cycle Anal, New York, NY 10027 USA
来源：
RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS | 2009年 / 13卷 / 03期
关键词：
Photovoltaics; Life cycle analysis; Materials inventory analysis; CdTe; CIGS; Emissions; Metal production; Cadmium; Indium; Germanium; Selenium; Tellurium; Molybdenum; Gallium; ENVIRONMENTAL-ISSUES; COPPER; ENERGY;
D O I：
10.1016/j.rser.2007.11.012
中图分类号：
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号：
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要：
Material flows and emissions in all the stages of production of zinc, copper, aluminum, cadmium, indium, germanium, gallium, selenium, tellurium, and molybdenum were investigated. These metals are used selectively in the manufacture of solar cells, and emission and energy factors in their production are used in the life cycle analysis (LCA) of photovoltaics. Significant changes have occurred in the production and associated emissions for these metals over the last 10 years, which are not described in the LCA databases. Furthermore, emission and energy factors for several of the by-products of the base metal production were lacking. This review article aims in updating the life cycle inventories associated with the production of the base metals (Zn, Cu), and defining the production paths and emission and energy allocations for the minor metals (Cd, Ge, In, Mo, Se, and Te) used in photovoltaics. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
引用
收藏
页码：493 / 517
页数：25
相关论文
共 81 条
[1]  
ALTHAUS HJ, 2003, LIFE CYCLE INVENTORI, V10
[2]   Energy and environmental implications of copper production [J].
Alvarado, S ;
Maldonado, P ;
Jaques, I .
ENERGY, 1999, 24 (04) :307-316
[3]   Long term energy-related environmental issues of copper production [J].
Alvarado, S ;
Maldonado, P ;
Barrios, A ;
Jaques, I .
ENERGY, 2002, 27 (02) :183-196
[4]  
Andersson BA, 2000, PROG PHOTOVOLTAICS, V8, P61, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(200001/02)8:1<61::AID-PIP301>3.0.CO
[5]  
2-6
[6]  
[Anonymous], 1996, OKOINVENTARE ENERGIE
[7]  
[Anonymous], 1995, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, VI.
[8]  
ASARCO OF, 2002, COMMUNICATION 0205
[9]  
Ayres R.U., 2002, The Life Cycle of Copper, its Co-Products and By-Products
[10]  
BERDOWSKI J, 2003, EMISSIONS INVENTORY
123456789