Transbilayer movement of phospholipids at the main phase transition of lipid membranes:: Implications for rapid flip-flop in biological membranes

The transbilayer movement of fluorescent phospholipid analogs in liposomes was studied at the lipid phase transition of phospholipid membranes. Two NBD-labeled analogs were used, one bearing the fluorescent moiety at a short fatty acid chain in the sn-2 position (C-6 NBD-PC) and one headgroup-labeled analog having two long fatty acyl chains (N-NBD-PE). The transbilayer redistribution of the analogs was assessed by a dithionite-based assay. We observed a drastic increase of the transbilayer movement of both analogs at the lipid phase transition of DPPC (T-c = 41degreesC) and DMPC (T-c = 23degreesC). The flip-flop of analogs was fast at the T-c of DPPC with a half-time (t(1/2)) of similar to6-10 min and even faster at the T-c of DMPC with t(1/2) on the order of <2 min, as shown for C-6 NBD-PC. Suppressing the phase transition by the addition of cholesterol, the rapid transbilayer movement was abolished. Molecular packing defects at the phase transition are assumed to be responsible for the rapid transbilayer movement. The relevance of those defects for understanding of the activity of flippases is discussed.