Multi Agent Electric Vehicle Control Based Primary Frequency Support for Future Smart Micro-Grid

A high penetration level of renewable energy sources such as wind power turbines and solar photovoltaic generation, in micro-grid systems causes some problems to micro-grid operator, e.g., lack in primary reserve. Recently, many countries around the world decided to increase their electric vehicles in the near future which provide a good chance to use them as a battery energy storage system (BESS). This paper proposes a new scheme to provide necessary primary reserve from electric vehicles by using multi-agent control of each individual vehicle. The proposed scheme determines the primary reserve based on vehicle's information such as initial state of charge (SOC), the required SOC for the next trip, and the vehicle's departure time. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is shown by the simulation study in a micro-grid with several generation units such as diesel engine generator (DEG), flywheel, fuel cell, renewable energy resources, and electric vehicles.