Respiratory infectious diseases are mainly caused by viruses or bacteria that often interact with one another. Although their presence is a prerequisite for subsequent infections, viruses and bacteria may be present in the nasopharynx without causing any respiratory symptoms. The upper respiratory tract hosts a vast range of commensals and potential pathogenic bacteria, which form a complex microbial community. This community is assumed to be constantly subject to synergistic and competitive interspecies interactions. Disturbances in the equilibrium, for instance due to the acquisition of new bacteria or viruses, may lead to overgrowth and invasion. A better understanding of the dynamics between commensals and pathogens in the upper respiratory tract may provide better insight into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Here we review the current knowledge regarding specific bacterial-bacterial and viral-bacterial interactions that occur in the upper respiratory niche, and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Finally, we propose a theoretical model to summarize and illustrate these mechanisms.
机构:
Boston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Pittet, Lynnelle A.
Hall-Stoodley, Luanne
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机构:
Allegheny Singer Res Inst, Ctr Genom Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Hall-Stoodley, Luanne
Rutkowski, Melanie R.
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机构:
Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lebanon, NH USA
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Rutkowski, Melanie R.
Harmsen, Allen G.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Sajjan, Unnadevi
Wang, Qiong
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Wang, Qiong
Zhao, Ying
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Zhao, Ying
Gruenert, Dieter C.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Calif Pacific Med Ctr, Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USA
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Univ Vermont, Dept Med, Burlington, VT USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Gruenert, Dieter C.
Hershenson, Marc B.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Univ Michigan, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Med Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Shahangian, Arash
Chow, Edward K.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, George Williams Hooper Fdn, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Chow, Edward K.
Tian, Xiaoli
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Tian, Xiaoli
Kang, Jason R.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Kang, Jason R.
Ghaffari, Amir
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Med Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Ghaffari, Amir
Liu, Su Y.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Med Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Liu, Su Y.
Belperio, John A.
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机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Belperio, John A.
Cheng, Genhong
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机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Cheng, Genhong
Deng, Jane C.
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机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Alaska Native Tribal Hlth Consortium, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Singeton, Rosalyn J.
Bulkow, Lisa R.
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机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Bulkow, Lisa R.
Miernyk, Karen
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机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Alaska Native Tribal Hlth Consortium, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Miernyk, Karen
DeByle, Carolynn
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h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
DeByle, Carolynn
Pruitt, Lori
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h-index: 0
机构:
Yukon Kuskokwim Hlth Corp, Bethel, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Pruitt, Lori
Hummel, Kimberlee Boyd
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h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Hummel, Kimberlee Boyd
Bruden, Dana
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h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Bruden, Dana
Englund, Janet A.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, Seattle Childrens Hosp, Seattle, WA 98195 USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Englund, Janet A.
Anderson, Larry J.
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h-index: 0
机构:
CDC, Div Viral Dis, Natl Ctr Immunizat & Resp Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Anderson, Larry J.
Lucher, Lynne
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State Alaska, Div Hlth & Social Serv, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Lucher, Lynne
Holman, Robert C.
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h-index: 0
机构:
CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Zoonot Vector Borne & Enter Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Holman, Robert C.
Hennessy, Thomas W.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
机构:
Boston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Pittet, Lynnelle A.
Hall-Stoodley, Luanne
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Allegheny Singer Res Inst, Ctr Genom Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Hall-Stoodley, Luanne
Rutkowski, Melanie R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lebanon, NH USA
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
Rutkowski, Melanie R.
Harmsen, Allen G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Montana State Univ, Vet Mol Biol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USABoston Univ, Ctr Pulm, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Sajjan, Unnadevi
Wang, Qiong
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Wang, Qiong
Zhao, Ying
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Zhao, Ying
Gruenert, Dieter C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Calif Pacific Med Ctr, Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USA
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Univ Vermont, Dept Med, Burlington, VT USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Gruenert, Dieter C.
Hershenson, Marc B.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Univ Michigan, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USAUniv Michigan, Dept Pediat & Communicable Dis, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Med Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Shahangian, Arash
Chow, Edward K.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, George Williams Hooper Fdn, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Chow, Edward K.
Tian, Xiaoli
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Tian, Xiaoli
Kang, Jason R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Kang, Jason R.
Ghaffari, Amir
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Med Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Ghaffari, Amir
Liu, Su Y.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Med Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Liu, Su Y.
Belperio, John A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Belperio, John A.
Cheng, Genhong
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Cheng, Genhong
Deng, Jane C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Alaska Native Tribal Hlth Consortium, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Singeton, Rosalyn J.
Bulkow, Lisa R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Bulkow, Lisa R.
Miernyk, Karen
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Alaska Native Tribal Hlth Consortium, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Miernyk, Karen
DeByle, Carolynn
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
DeByle, Carolynn
Pruitt, Lori
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yukon Kuskokwim Hlth Corp, Bethel, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Pruitt, Lori
Hummel, Kimberlee Boyd
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Hummel, Kimberlee Boyd
Bruden, Dana
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Bruden, Dana
Englund, Janet A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, Seattle Childrens Hosp, Seattle, WA 98195 USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Englund, Janet A.
Anderson, Larry J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CDC, Div Viral Dis, Natl Ctr Immunizat & Resp Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Anderson, Larry J.
Lucher, Lynne
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
State Alaska, Div Hlth & Social Serv, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Lucher, Lynne
Holman, Robert C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Zoonot Vector Borne & Enter Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA
Holman, Robert C.
Hennessy, Thomas W.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Centers Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USACenters Dis Control & Prevent CDC, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK USA