If the recent alarming climate change reports, such as oil the Greenland ice melting arc taken seriously then the measures to reduce atmospheric CO2 emission are Urgent. Is it possible in this situation to expect the Solution from alternative energy sources and ignore nuclear energy, already a major contributor to electricity production, or should nuclear energy be included in a future energy mix? Long-term future of any energy source depends oil factors that may not be too well known at present. It is not different with nuclear energy. Is the nuclear fission energy option capable of producing large-scale energy in a safe, economical way, acceptable to the public? The question is pertinent at the moment when we are witnessing a change of public attitudes and renewed plans to build new nuclear power stations. The future of nuclear power depends oil satisfactory answers to several questions. The first group of questions are those important for the near and intermediate future. They deal with economics and the safety of nuclear power stations in the first place. On the same time scale a generally accepted concept for radioactive waste disposal is also required. All these issues are in the focus of present research and development. Safer and more economical reactors are targets of international efforts in Generation IV and INPRO projects, as well as of several national projects. However, even assuming Successful technical development of these projects, and there is no reason to doubt it, long term and large-scale nuclear power use is thereby not yet Secured. If nuclear power is to play all essential role in the long-term future energy production and in reduction of CO2, emission, then several additional questions must be answered. These questions will deal with long-term nuclear fuel sufficiency, with the necessary contribution of nuclear power in sectors of transport and industrial processes and With nuclear proliferation safety. The last issue, proliferation, is more political then technical, thus sometimes neglected by nuclear engineers, yet it will have all essential role for the long-term prospects of nuclear power. The status of the intermediate and long-term issues will be discussed, with special attention paid to the nuclear proliferation issue in view of unfavorable recent development, such as failure of 2005 NPT renewal conference and the Iran and North Korea case. Present political developments appear to demand renewed attempt to internationalize proliferation of sensitive fuel cycle installations.
