Firming up the conceptual basis of Integrated Water Resources Management

This paper focuses on defining the concept and process of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), and in particular what is being 'integrated'. In the 'natural system' integration traditionally involves land and water; surface water and groundwater; water quantity and quality; and upstream and downstream water-related interests, including the upstream freshwater catchments and the downstream coastal zone. However, equally important, but less traditional, is the integration in the 'human system' involving a holistic institutional approach; mainstreaming water in the national economy, cross-sectoral integration in national policy development; linkages to national security and trade regimes; and involvement of all stakeholders across different management levels.