Embryogenesis and morphogenesis of zygotic and somatic embryos

In addition to zygotic embryos, plants are capable of forming somatic ones in various reproductive and vegetative organs at all stages of development. A concept of embryoidogeny has been formulated as a new category of vegetative reproduction in vivo and in vitro. The somatic embryo (embryoid) is an elementary unit of embryoidogeny. Comparative analysis of the somatic and zygotic embryos developing in planta and in vitro suggests similar trends in their morphogenesis. Both sexual and somatic embryos are notable for their considerable polymorphism, transitional farms, and anomalies. On the whole, the development of the sexual and somatic embryos in planta and in vitro obeys the laws of cell division and embryology. In nature, the genesis and structure of somatic embryos art: taxon-specific. The development of somatic embryos in in vitro culture depends on the origin of the initial cell, its position and determination in the maternal plant as well as on its totipotency and the conditions of culturing in planta and in vitro, vegetative reproduction of flowering plants may occur not only via buds, as was known earlier, but also by morphologically different structures: somatic embryos (embryoids) and adventitious buds. The adaptive evolution diversified during embryogenesis, embryoidogenesis, and gemmogenesis, but the initial stages of plant development are identical.