Plasma cytokine levels and cytokine gene polymorphisms in Mexican patients during the influenza pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09

Background: In Mexico, the initial severe cases of the 2009 influenza pandemic virus A (H1N1) [A(H1N1)pdm09] were detected in early March. The immune mechanisms associated with the severe pneumonia caused by infection with this new virus have not been completely elucidated. Polymorphisms in interleukin genes have previously been associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases due to their influence on cytokine production. Objectives: The present case-control study was performed to compare several immunologic and genetic parameters of patients and controls during the initial phase of the pandemic. Study design: Sixty-five patients who were hospitalized due to infection with the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and 46 healthy controls were studied. A hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) was performed to measure anti-influenza antibody titers in these subjects. Protein levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), interferon gamma (IFN gamma), transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)1 and TGF beta 2 were quantified in plasma. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL6, IL10 and TNF alpha were also assessed. Results: Influenza patients had lower antibody titers and produced significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF alpha than healthy controls. The frequencies of the TNF alpha-308G, IL-10-592C and IL-10-1082A alleles and the IL10-1082(A/A) genotype were associated with susceptibility to severe disease, while the haplotypes TNF alpha AG and IL-10 GTA and GCA were associated with protection from severe disease [P=0.016, OR (CI)=0.11 (0.01-0.96); P=0.0187, OR (CI)=0.34 (0.13-0.85); P=0.013, OR (CI)=0.39 (0.18-0.83)]. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 patients and healthy controls have different profiles of immune parameters and that there is an association between IL-10 and TNF alpha polymorphisms and the outcome of this disease. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.