'Negotiated planning': Diverse trajectories of implementation in Nairobi, Addis Ababa, and Harare

This paper unpacks how plans are implemented in three African cities: Nairobi, Addis Ababa, and Harare. Three planning implementation instruments form the basis of the comparison across cities. These instruments aim to give effect to plans and include development regulation, infrastructure investment, and land allocation. In contrast to reading African planning efforts as a catalogue of failures, this analysis allows us to see the many actors and complex alliances and dissonances which play out through implementation. Here we propose the concept of 'negotiated planning' as a useful conceptual tool. We argue that the concept is useful for: its departure from normative assumptions about good or proper planning; unpacking the everyday nature of implementation: grounding and contextualising practices; and depathologizing the African city. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.