Training and assessment in functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Background: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a common procedure performed within otolaryngology, but it carries potential for significant life-changing complications. It is therefore essential that trainees undergo adequate training. The European Working Time Directive has led to reduced operating time for the trainee surgeon. With variable access and the cost implications associated with cadaveric specimens, simulation can be an invaluable educational resource in surgical training. The current literature regarding the various simulation methodologies that have been used in functional endoscopic sinus surgery training is discussed. Method: A literature search was conducted using the key words 'nasal', 'nasal polyps', 'endoscope', 'education and simulation', 'endoscopic sinus surgery' and 'training'. Results: Twelve articles were identified; of these, eight trialled the use of simulators, two utilised ovine models and two used task trainers. Conclusion: Simulation has shown benefit in functional endoscopic sinus surgery training; however, a robust platform accessible to ENT trainees is lacking.