Testicular orphan receptor 4 (TR4) is a marker for metastasis and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer that drives the EMT phenotype

Objectives: Aberrant expression of testicular orphan receptor 4 (TR4) has been shown to regulate biological processes near solid tumors. However, the role of TR4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient prognosis and the development of NSCLC cancer cells are unclear. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between TR4 expression and clinicopathological characteristics in 291 cases of NSCLC specimens. A knockdown and overexpression of TR4 was performed to assess the role of TR4. Transwell and colony formation assays were completed to investigate the metastatic and proliferative abilities. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were carried out to analyze the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Results: Immunohistochemical evaluation of clinical samples revealed that most of the lung cancer tissues were strongly positive for TR4, whereas the tissues that stained weakly positive or negative for TR4 expression were shown in the paired normal tissues. Moreover, higher levels of TR4 expression were significantly associated with higher lymph node metastases, TNM stages, tumor thrombus in vena and poor prognosis. We observed that downregulation and up-regulation of TR4 with stable cell transfection significantly influence the proliferation, invasive and metastatic abilities of NSCLC lines. In addition, aberrant TR4 expression could modulate the expression levels of several EMT related markers. Conclusions: Collectively, our results show TR4 expression in NSCLC samples is significantly associated with poor clinicopathological features, and TR4 plays an important role in the metastatic capacity of NSCLC cells by EMT regulation. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.