Feasibility analysis and feature comparison of cold thermal energy storage for off-grid PV air-conditioned buildings in the tropics

Cold thermal energy storage (CTES) is a cost-efficient storage approach for PV powered air-conditioning systems in tropical buildings. However, the feasibility and performance of different CTESs, including chilled water storage, ice storage, PCM cooling storage, and building thermal storage, are still unclear for off-grid PV airconditioned buildings. In this study, an off-grid PV system with battery and CTES is proposed, including the operation strategy to manage the energy-storage process. To implement all CTES-types, a co-simulation model, which integrates the system model with the ARX (autoregressive with exogenous input) cooling-load model, is constructed to enable the interaction between supply- and demand-side. Based on the minimization of net present cost and the constraint of a certain required solar fraction, an optimization method is developed to find the optimal systemconfiguration. Moreover, an office, a hotel, and a residence are selected for a case study. The results indicate that CTES is feasible for higher solar fraction. The feasibility ranking of building type is (from high to low): residence, hotel, and office. In the most suitable case (residence), the maximum reduction of system costs (compared to battery-only system) is 49.76%, 41.77%, 44.31%, and 22.78%, respectively, for chilled-water storage, ice storage, PCM cooling storage, and building thermal storage. These values are 22.48%, 12.00%, 17.42%, 2.60% for the hotel, and 19.26%, 11.57%, 13.64%, 4.06% for the office. In addition, the sensitivity analysis shows that the increasing cost of both PV-array and CTES-device affects the feasibility of CTES negatively, while the increasing battery cost is a positive factor. Compared to the cost of the PV-array and the CTES-device, the battery cost represents the most significant effect-factor for feasibility.