Unstable water flow in a layered soil: II. Effects of an unstable water-repellent layer

Water repellent soils are found throughout the world and can exhibit significantly different water now characteristics as compared to a wettable soil. The purpose of the study was to determine the significance of the stability of the water repellency on the development of unstable water flow below a water repellent layer. Unstable water-repellent soil refers to a soil whose degree of repellency changes with time after contact with water, Experiments were conducted in a specially built rectangular chamber where wetting front patterns could be observed through a Plexiglas sheet. The experiments were done on water repellent sand layers that were treated to create water drop penetration time (WDPT) values of 1, 10, and 150 min. The WDPT of the layer and the ratio (h(o) + L)/h(p) were important in the development of fingers, where h(o) is the depth of ponded water at the soil surface, L is the depth of the water repellent layer and h(o), is the water entry pressure head of the water repellent layer. For low WDPT (1 min) no fingers formed, As the WDPT increased, the tendency for finger:formation also increased. The medium WDPT (10 min) layer caused finger formation, however, the fingers broadened and converged after continued now and an almost uniform wetting front eventually developed, The combination of a high WDPT (150 min) and (h(o) + L)/h(p) < 1 produced the most dramatic and persistent fingering. The finger development across the layer and the flux through the layer was found to be a function of time. Water repellency at the soil surface has the greatest impact on infiltration because water depth may not be sufficient to overcome the water entry pressure and runoff would decrease the time of exposure to water to overcome unstable water repellency.