Dissecting the plant genome: through new generation molecular markers

The genomes of higher eukaryotes, especially the plant kingdom, have been decoded using molecular markers from time to time. The use of such markers to decipher genetics of important plant systems have led to advances in the field of plant molecular biotechnology for crop improvement. Over the years, numerous novel marker systems have evolved, which can target specific regions of the genome, thereby detecting minute genetic alterations. These genomic changes are often cryptic, but confer individuality to a particular plant genome and hence require appropriate selection of a molecular marker for correct interpretation and analysis. Usually, a combination of marker systems is used since a single marker often result in vague and unauthentic results. Choice of genetic marker(s) for achieving specific research goals, therefore, has to be made after a systematic study of their mode of action and applications. Although there are numerous reports on commonly used molecular markers and advanced high-throughput sequencing techniques, a comprehensive account of their developmental hypothesis and mode of action is essentially required, which may enhance their better understanding and utilization. This review highlights molecular markers commonly used in the field of plant genetics, along-with their characteristic features and contemporary case studies.