Assessing the Influence of Betaine-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Systems on Horseradish Peroxidase

To validate the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in natural deep eutectic systems (NADES), five different betaine-based NADES were characterized in terms of water content, water activity, density, and viscosity experimentally and by thermodynamic modeling. The results show that the NADES under study have a water activity of about 0.4 at 37 degrees C for water contents between 14 and 22 wt %. The densities of the studied NADES had values between 1.2 and 1.3 g center dot cm(-3) at 20 degrees C. The density was modeled with a state-of-the-art equation of state; an excellent agreement with the experimental density data was achieved, allowing reasonable predictions for water activities. The system betaine:glycerol (1:2) was found to be the most viscous with a dynamic viscosity of similar to 600 mPa.s at 40 degrees C, while all the other systems had viscosities <350 mPa center dot s at 40 degrees C. The impact of the NADES on the enzymatic activity, as well as on, conformational and thermal stability was assessed. The system betaine/ sorbitol:water (1:1:3) showed the highest benefit for enzymatic activity, increasing it by two-folds. Moreover, upon NADES addition, thermal stability was increased followed by an increment in a-helix secondary structure content.