Non-core food product advertising on free-to-air television in Hong Kong

Objective: To study the extent and nature of free-to-air television advertisements for non-core products (e.g., fast food or soda) directed at children in Hong Kong. Design: Television programs from two major Hong Kong free-to-air television channels airing between 06.00 and 24.00 hours from October 2018 to January 2019 were recorded. Eight nonconsecutive days (four weekdays and four weekend days) were selected for analysis. Pearson's chi(2)tests were conducted to compare the pattern of food advertisements by program categories, days of the week, television viewing periods and persuasive marketing techniques. Setting: Free-to-air television programs. Participants: Not applicable. Results: Of the 10 348 commercials identified, 18 center dot 4 % were for foods, and 35 center dot 2 % of these were for non-core items. Baby and toddler milk formula (19 center dot 5 %) were the most advertised food products, while the most frequently advertised non-core food was fast foods (12 center dot 3 %). There was a higher non-core to core product ratio during prime time than the children's time slot (7v. 1 center dot 7). Non-sports celebrity endorsement (27 center dot 1 %) was the most frequently used persuasive marketing technique overall, while that for non-core products was sensory characteristics (38 center dot 2 %). Most food product placements recorded were non-core products, mentions of local and fast food restaurants and recipe additions. Conclusions: Non-core products were highly advertised in Hong Kong, while core product advertising was infrequent. Regulations on junk food advertising in Hong Kong should focus on prime time, as well as on food product placement, to reduce children's exposure to persuasive junk food marketing.