Potential health risk assessment and distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Munger, Bihar India: a case study

High fluoride intake via groundwater is a very serious problem for human health, especially in children. The present study focused on the health risk in children between 5-15 years due to higher consumption of fluoride in water used for potable purposes. A total of 195 samples of groundwater were analyzed for water parameters like pH, EC, TDS, fluoride, etc. On the basis of the primary data on the quality of drinking water, non-carcinogenic health risks of excessive fluoride intake in children were evaluated. Findings showed that the concentration of fluoride in Munger lies from 0.029 to 12 (mg/l) and 13.8% of total samples contain fluoride exceeding the allowable limit (1.5 mg/l). Hazard quotient value through ingestion of drinking water with high-level fluoride content varies from 0.625 to 8.571 whereas via dermal exposure hazard, quotient value lies in between 0.001 to 0.012. Therefore, the total hazard quotient obtained in Munger varied from 0.626 to 8.58. This indicates that children in Munger are highly vulnerable to non-carcinogenic health risks via prolonged fluoride intake mainly through the drinking water pathway. The outcome of the sensitivity analysis revealed that the concentration of fluoride is the most influential parameter in non-carcinogenic health risk.