A Reusable Nickel Oxide Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Platinum Electrode for the Detection of Linezolid Drug

Linezolid is most widely used antibiotic that inhibits different bacteria and micro-organisms. The overuse of linezolid causes several health complications, such as vomiting, tongue decolorization, and low blood glucose. An efficient and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on a NiO and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite with a modified platinum electrode (NiO/rGO/PtE) was therefore developed for the monitoring of the linezolid drug. The confirmation of synthesis of graphene oxide and NiO/rGO was conducted through several physicochemical characterization techniques. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed the Ni-O symmetric and antisymmetric stretching frequency at 741.4 and 732.1 cm-1, Xray diffraction spectroscopy revealed exceptional crystallinity, while the size of the prepared materials, which was confirmed through atomic force microscopy, was determiend to be 1.675 nm. The incorporation of NiO into GO sheets is visualized through scanning electron microscopy images. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were implemented to assess the electrochemical activity and the conductivity of NiO/rGO/PtE. Under the optimized conditions (phosphate buffer with a pH value of 6.0, scan rate of 70 mV/s, and linear dynamic range (LDR) value between 0.1 and 90 mu M), the engineered sensor NiO/rGO/PtE manifested an excellent response for linezolid. The limit of detection (LOD) value of proposed technique for monitoring linezolid was computed to be 0.0031 mu M, which was the lowest possible detection limit, compared to the literature. The anti-interference pattern and long-term stability further demonstrated the efficiency and reliability of NiO/rGO/PtE. The analytical application of NiO/rGO/PtE for linezolid was examined in urine samples as well as a commercial pharmaceutical sample. The sensitivity and reliability at repeated runs of modified sensor suggest that it could be used for the onsite detection of linezolid. Experiments have been conducted regarding the application of a fabricated NiO/rGO/PtE sensor as an effective and simple detection tool for antibiotics with a lower LOD than that of the reported electrochemical sensors for linezolid.