The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Detector Characterization and Noise Budget

被引：105

作者：

Agazie, Gabriella ^{[1
]}

Anumarlapudi, Akash ^{[1
]}

Archibald, Anne M. ^{[2
]}

Arzoumanian, Zaven ^{[3
]}

Baker, Paul T. ^{[4
]}

Becsy, Bence ^{[5
]}

Blecha, Laura ^{[6
]}

Brazier, Adam ^{[7
,8
,9
]}

Brook, Paul R. ^{[10
,11
]}

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ^{[12
,13
]}

Charisi, Maria ^{[14
]}

Chatterjee, Shami ^{[7
,8
]}

Cohen, Tyler ^{[15
]}

Cordes, James M. ^{[7
,8
]}

Cornish, Neil J. ^{[16
]}

Crawford, Fronefield ^{[17
]}

Cromartie, H. Thankful ^{[7
,8
]}

Crowter, Kathryn ^{[18
]}

DeCesar, Megan E. ^{[19
]}

Demorest, Paul B. ^{[20
]}

Dolch, Timothy ^{[21
,22
]}

Drachler, Brendan ^{[23
,24
]}

Ferrara, Elizabeth C. ^{[25
,26
,27
]}

Fiore, William ^{[12
,13
]}

Fonseca, Emmanuel ^{[12
,13
]}

Freedman, Gabriel E. ^{[1
]}

Garver-Daniels, Nate ^{[12
,13
]}

Gentile, Peter A. ^{[12
,13
]}

Glaser, Joseph ^{[12
,13
]}

Good, Deborah C. ^{[28
,29
]}

Guertin, Lydia ^{[30
]}

Gultekin, Kayhan ^{[31
]}

Hazboun, Jeffrey S. ^{[5
]}

Jennings, Ross J. ^{[12
,13
]}

Johnson, Aaron D. ^{[1
,32
]}

Jones, Megan L. ^{[1
]}

Kaiser, Andrew R. ^{[12
,13
]}

Kaplan, David L. ^{[1
]}

Kelley, Luke Zoltan ^{[33
]}

Kerr, Matthew ^{[34
]}

Key, Joey S. ^{[35
]}

Laal, Nima ^{[5
]}

Lam, Michael T. ^{[23
,24
]}

Lamb, William G. ^{[14
]}

Lazio, T. Joseph W. ^{[36
]}

Lewandowska, Natalia ^{[37
]}

Liu, Tingting ^{[12
,13
]}

Lorimer, Duncan R. ^{[12
,13
]}

Luo, Jing ^{[38
]}

Lynch, Ryan S. ^{[39
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Ctr Gravitat Cosmol & Astrophys, Dept Phys, POB 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA

[2] Newcastle Univ, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England

[3] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Xray Astrophys Lab, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[4] Widener Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 1 Univ Pl, Chester, PA 19013 USA

[5] Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA

[6] Univ Florida, Phys Dept, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

[7] Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[8] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[9] Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Adv Comp, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[10] Univ Birmingham, Inst Gravitat Wave Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, England

[11] Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, England

[12] West Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA

[13] West Virginia Univ, Ctr Gravitat Waves & Cosmol, Chestnut Ridge Res Bldg, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA

[14] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 2301 Vanderbilt Pl, Nashville, TN 37235 USA

[15] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, NM 87801 USA

[16] Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA

[17] Franklin & Marshall Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA

[18] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, 6224 Agr Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

[19] George Mason Univ, Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[20] Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1003 Lopezville Rd, Socorro, NM 87801 USA

[21] Hillsdale Coll, Dept Phys, 33 E Coll St, Hillsdale, MI 49242 USA

[22] Eureka Sci, 2452 Delmer St,Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602 USA

[23] Rochester Inst Technol, Sch Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14623 USA

[24] Rochester Inst Technol, Lab Multiwavelength Astrophys, Rochester, NY 14623 USA

[25] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[26] NASA GSFC, Ctr Res & Explorat Space Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[27] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[28] Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, 196 Auditorium Rd,U-3046, Storrs, CT 06269 USA

[29] Flatiron Inst, Ctr Computat Astrophys, 162 5th Ave, New York, NY 10010 USA

[30] Haverford Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Haverford, PA 19041 USA

[31] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

[32] CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[33] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 501 Campbell Hall 3411, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[34] Naval Res Lab, Space Sci Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[35] Univ Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011 USA

[36] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

[37] SUNY Coll Oswego, Dept Phys, Oswego, NY 13126 USA

[38] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada

[39] Green Bank Observ, POB 2, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA

[40] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[41] Univ Pacific, Dept Phys, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, CA 95211 USA

[42] Univ Hull, EA Milne Ctr Astrophys, Cottingham Rd, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, England

[43] Univ Hull, Ctr Excellence Data Sci Artificial Intelligence &, Cottingham Rd, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, England

[44] Curtin Univ, Int Ctr Radio Astron Res, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

[45] Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA

[46] Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany

[47] Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada

[48] Lafayette Coll, Dept Phys, Easton, PA 18042 USA

[49] Tufts Univ, Inst Cosmol, Dept Phys & Astron, Medford, MA 02155 USA

[50] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, Ps Pzmany 1-A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS | 2023年 / 951卷 / 01期

基金：

美国国家航空航天局; 英国科学技术设施理事会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

PULSAR TIMING ARRAYS; GIANT RADIO PULSES; MILLISECOND PULSAR; SOLAR-SYSTEM; CYCLIC SPECTROSCOPY; SINGLE-PULSE; GRAVITATIONAL-RADIATION; INTERSTELLAR SCATTERING; SPIN NOISE; PRECISION;

D O I：

10.3847/2041-8213/acda88

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are galactic-scale gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Each individual arm, composed of a millisecond pulsar, a radio telescope, and a kiloparsecs-long path, differs in its properties but, in aggregate, can be used to extract low-frequency GW signals. We present a noise and sensitivity analysis to accompany the NANOGrav 15 yr data release and associated papers, along with an in-depth introduction to PTA noise models. As a first step in our analysis, we characterize each individual pulsar data set with three types of white-noise parameters and two red-noise parameters. These parameters, along with the timing model and, particularly, a piecewise-constant model for the time-variable dispersion measure, determine the sensitivity curve over the low-frequency GW band we are searching. We tabulate information for all of the pulsars in this data release and present some representative sensitivity curves. We then combine the individual pulsar sensitivities using a signal-to-noise ratio statistic to calculate the global sensitivity of the PTA to a stochastic background of GWs, obtaining a minimum noise characteristic strain of 7 x 10(-15) at 5 nHz. A power-law-integrated analysis shows rough agreement with the amplitudes recovered in NANOGrav's 15 yr GW background analysis. While our phenomenological noise model does not model all known physical effects explicitly, it provides an accurate characterization of the noise in the data while preserving sensitivity to multiple classes of GW signals.

引用

页数：57

共 176 条

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Alam, Md Faisal ;

Anumarlapudi, Akash ;

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Blecha, Laura ;

Bonidie, Victoria ;

Brazier, Adam ;

Brook, Paul R. ;

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ;

Becsy, Bence ;

Chapman, Christopher ;

Charisi, Maria ;

Chatterjee, Shami ;

Cohen, Tyler ;

Cordes, James M. ;

Cornish, Neil J. ;

Crawford, Fronefield ;

Cromartie, H. Thankful ;

Crowter, Kathryn ;

DeCesar, Megan E. ;

Demorest, Paul B. ;

Dolch, Timothy ;

Drachler, Brendan ;

Ferrara, Elizabeth C. ;

Fiore, William ;

Fonseca, Emmanuel ;

Freedman, Gabriel E. ;

Garver-Daniels, Nate ;

Gentile, Peter A. ;

Glaser, Joseph ;

Good, Deborah C. ;

Gueltekin, Kayhan ;

Hazboun, Jeffrey S. ;

Jennings, Ross J. ;

Jessup, Cody ;

Johnson, Aaron D. ;

Jones, Megan L. ;

Kaiser, Andrew R. ;

Kaplan, David L. ;

Kelley, Luke Zoltan ;

Kerr, Matthew ;

Key, Joey S. ;

Kuske, Anastasia ;

Laal, Nima ;

Lam, Michael T. ;

Lamb, William G. ;

W. Lazio, T. Joseph W. ;

Lewandowska, Natalia .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2023, 951 (01)

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Cutler, Curt J. ;

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Dolch, Timothy ;

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Freedman, Gabriel E. ;

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ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2023, 951 (01)

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Gentile, Peter A. ;

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Gusdorff, Jordan A. ;

Halmrast, Daniel ;

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← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 →

共 176 条

[1] The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Observations and Timing of 68 Millisecond Pulsars [J].

Agazie, Gabriella ;

Alam, Md Faisal ;

Anumarlapudi, Akash ;

Archibald, Anne M. ;

Arzoumanian, Zaven ;

Baker, Paul T. ;

Blecha, Laura ;

Bonidie, Victoria ;

Brazier, Adam ;

Brook, Paul R. ;

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ;

Becsy, Bence ;

Chapman, Christopher ;

Charisi, Maria ;

Chatterjee, Shami ;

Cohen, Tyler ;

Cordes, James M. ;

Cornish, Neil J. ;

Crawford, Fronefield ;

Cromartie, H. Thankful ;

Crowter, Kathryn ;

DeCesar, Megan E. ;

Demorest, Paul B. ;

Dolch, Timothy ;

Drachler, Brendan ;

Ferrara, Elizabeth C. ;

Fiore, William ;

Fonseca, Emmanuel ;

Freedman, Gabriel E. ;

Garver-Daniels, Nate ;

Gentile, Peter A. ;

Glaser, Joseph ;

Good, Deborah C. ;

Gueltekin, Kayhan ;

Hazboun, Jeffrey S. ;

Jennings, Ross J. ;

Jessup, Cody ;

Johnson, Aaron D. ;

Jones, Megan L. ;

Kaiser, Andrew R. ;

Kaplan, David L. ;

Kelley, Luke Zoltan ;

Kerr, Matthew ;

Key, Joey S. ;

Kuske, Anastasia ;

Laal, Nima ;

Lam, Michael T. ;

Lamb, William G. ;

W. Lazio, T. Joseph W. ;

Lewandowska, Natalia .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2023, 951 (01)

[2] The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background [J].

Agazie, Gabriella ;

Anumarlapudi, Akash ;

Archibald, Anne M. ;

Arzoumanian, Zaven ;

Baker, Paul T. ;

Becsy, Bence ;

Blecha, Laura ;

Brazier, Adam ;

Brook, Paul R. ;

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ;

Burnette, Rand ;

Case, Robin ;

Charisi, Maria ;

Chatterjee, Shami ;

Chatziioannou, Katerina ;

Cheeseboro, Belinda D. ;

Chen, Siyuan ;

Cohen, Tyler ;

Cordes, James M. ;

Cornish, Neil ;

Crawford, Fronefield ;

Cromartie, H. Thankful ;

Crowter, Kathryn ;

Cutler, Curt J. ;

DeCesar, Megan E. ;

DeGan, Dallas ;

Demorest, Paul B. ;

Deng, Heling ;

Dolch, Timothy ;

Drachler, Brendan ;

Ellis, Justin A. ;

Ferrara, Elizabeth C. ;

Fiore, William ;

Fonseca, Emmanuel ;

Freedman, Gabriel E. ;

Garver-Daniels, Nate ;

Gentile, Peter A. ;

Gersbach, Kyle A. ;

Glaser, Joseph ;

Good, Deborah C. ;

Gueltekin, Kayhan ;

Hazboun, Jeffrey S. ;

Hourihane, Sophie ;

Islo, Kristina ;

Jennings, Ross J. ;

Johnson, Aaron D. ;

Jones, Megan L. ;

Kaiser, Andrew R. ;

Kaplan, David L. ;

Kelley, Luke Zoltan .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2023, 951 (01)

[3] The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Observations and Narrowband Timing of 47 Millisecond Pulsars [J].

Alam, Md F. ;

Arzoumanian, Zaven ;

Baker, Paul T. ;

Blumer, Harsha ;

Bohler, Keith E. ;

Brazier, Adam ;

Brook, Paul R. ;

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ;

Caballero, Keeisi ;

Camuccio, Richard S. ;

Chamberlain, Rachel L. ;

Chatterjee, Shami ;

Cordes, James M. ;

Cornish, Neil J. ;

Crawford, Fronefield ;

Cromartie, H. Thankful ;

DeCesar, Megan E. ;

Demorest, Paul B. ;

Dolch, Timothy ;

Ellis, Justin A. ;

Ferdman, Robert D. ;

Ferrara, Elizabeth C. ;

Fiore, William ;

Fonseca, Emmanuel ;

Garcia, Yhamil ;

Garver-Daniels, Nathan ;

Gentile, Peter A. ;

Good, Deborah C. ;

Gusdorff, Jordan A. ;

Halmrast, Daniel ;

Hazboun, Jeffrey S. ;

Islo, Kristina ;

Jennings, Ross J. ;

Jessup, Cody ;

Jones, Megan L. ;

Kaiser, Andrew R. ;

Kaplan, David L. ;

Kelley, Luke Zoltan ;

Key, Joey Shapiro ;

Lam, Michael T. ;

Lazio, T. Joseph W. ;

Lorimer, Duncan R. ;

Luo, Jing ;

Lynch, Ryan S. ;

Madison, Dustin R. ;

Maraccini, Kaleb ;

McLaughlin, Maura A. ;

Mingarelli, Chiara M. F. ;

Ng, Cherry ;

Nguyen, Benjamin M. X. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2021, 252 (01)

[4] The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Wideband Timing of 47 Millisecond Pulsars [J].

Alam, Md F. ;

Arzoumanian, Zaven ;

Baker, Paul T. ;

Blumer, Harsha ;

Bohler, Keith E. ;

Brazier, Adam ;

Brook, Paul R. ;

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ;

Caballero, Keeisi ;

Camuccio, Richard S. ;

Chamberlain, Rachel L. ;

Chatterjee, Shami ;

Cordes, James M. ;

Cornish, Neil J. ;

Crawford, Fronefield ;

Cromartie, H. Thankful ;

DeCesar, Megan E. ;

Demorest, Paul B. ;

Dolch, Timothy ;

Ellis, Justin A. ;

Ferdman, Robert D. ;

Ferrara, Elizabeth C. ;

Fiore, William ;

Fonseca, Emmanuel ;

Garcia, Yhamil ;

Garver-Daniels, Nathan ;

Gentile, Peter A. ;

Good, Deborah C. ;

Gusdorff, Jordan A. ;

Halmrast, Daniel ;

Hazboun, Jeffrey S. ;

Islo, Kristina ;

Jennings, Ross J. ;

Jessup, Cody ;

Jones, Megan L. ;

Kaiser, Andrew R. ;

Kaplan, David L. ;

Kelley, Luke Zoltan ;

Key, Joey Shapiro ;

Lam, Michael T. ;

Lazio, T. Joseph W. ;

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