Review on cyber-physical and cyber-security system in smart grid: Standards, protocols, constraints, and recommendations

The smart grid (SG) system is an intelligent technology that facilitates the integration of green technology and environmental aspects, which is a two-way communication system for information transformation, power generation, and distribution. The development and application of communication technology in the traditional power system deployed the SG cyber-physical system. The SG systems have a complex architecture that contains critical devices and Internet of Things (IoT)-based infrastructures. These critical infrastructures and devices are faced with cyber-attacks. Therefore, the SG systems required lots of research to protect these attacks from economic damage, security deficits, national grid security, and life loss. This paper comprehensively reviews SG cyber-physical and cyber security systems, standard protocols, and challenges. We discussed the SG model, key elements, advanced distribution management system (ADMS), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), and advanced metering infrastructure framework (AMI). Then, we discussed the SG cyber-physical system communication standards and protocols. We present a correlation between SG cyber-physical system communication technology, standards and protocols, and application. Then, we thoroughly study cyber security principles, standards, and protocols. Finally, we discuss some challenges for SG cyber-physical systems, cyberattacks, and cyber security systems and recommend some solutions for future research. This study provided a deep understanding of the cyber security systems and standards and proposed direction for future research in smart grid system applications.