pH-responsive co-delivery of doxorubicin and saffron via cross-linked chitosan/laponite RD nanoparticles for enhanced-chemotherapy

Combining natural antioxidants with synthetic anticancer agents is a helpful approach in chemotherapy to reduce side effects and enhance the effectiveness of drugs. Saffron extract (SAF), a natural antioxidant with anticancer properties, bears a protective effect against doxorubicin-induced toxicity. Co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), a known anticancer agent, and SAF using nanotechnology, can be helpful to achieve a highly effective chemotherapy result. This study aimed to design cross-linked chitosan/laponite RD (CS/LP (R)) nanoparticles for co-encapsulation of DOX and SAF. The results indicated a high encapsulation efficiency of DOX (>= 83%) and SAF (>= 60%) for synthesized nanocarriers. These carriers exhibited a highly controllable pH-responsive release behavior. The release of DOX and SAF remarkably increased by decreasing pH from neutral (pH 7.4) to acidic (pH 5.5). The effects of cross-linked CS content were evaluated on the release properties. An increase in crosslinked CS content imposed a sustained release behavior by decreasing the release rate. The kinetic studies were used to confirm the release mechanisms. In vitro tests performed high cytotoxicity for doxorubicin/saffronloaded nanoparticles against MDA-MB-231 cells. The MTT assay demonstrated no cytotoxicity for CS/LP (R) nanoparticles confirming its biocompatibility. The DOX/SAF-loaded nanocarriers exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.