Biochar Amendment in Combination with Endophytic Bacteria Stimulates Photosynthetic Activity and Antioxidant Enzymes to Improve Soybean Yield Under Drought Stress

The beneficial effects of biochar (BC) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) to increase crop yields under harsh environments have been widely reported. However, the knowledge on the synergistic effects of BC and PGPR to induce drought tolerance in oilseeds is scant. In the present study, the effects of cotton sticks derived BC together with PGPR strains (Paraburkholderia phytofirmans and Bacillus sp.) were examined in water-stressed soybean plants. Initially, the BC application rates (1% and 2%) for soybean were optimized in a pilot experiment (experiment I), and the most effective level (1%) was selected for further studies together with PGPR in the second experiment. The soybean plants were raised in pots under semi-controlled conditions and were subjected to drought stress (25-30% water holding capacity) at pod formation stage. In comparison with control, the drought-mediated decrease in photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange characteristics was markedly lower in BC and PGPR-treated plants. However, the maximum increase in photosynthetic (12-30%) and the enzymatic antioxidant activities (5-20%) was recorded in plants treated with BC + P. phytofirmans, whereas no further significant increase was observed in plants treated with combined BC and Bacillus sp. under water deficit conditions. Similarly, the combined BC and P. phytofirmans application considerably increased the grain yield (14%) under drought stress conditions. We conclude that the combined application of BC + P. phytofirmans could be utilized as an effective strategy to improve soybean yield in dry arid regions.